The Long Turkish War started on July 29, 1593, when the Ottoman army under Sinan Pasha launched a campaign against the Habsburg Monarchy and captured Győr ( Turkish: Yanıkkale) and Komarom ( Turkish: Komaron) in 1594. That victory marked the end of the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (1493-1593). In the spring of 1593, Ottoman forces from the Eyalet of Bosnia laid siege to the city of Sisak in Croatia, starting the Battle of Sisak that eventually ended in a victory for the Christian forces on June 22, 1593. These consisted of 22,000 in the field army (12,000 from Austrian Habsburg lands, 10,000 from other Imperial states) and 20,000 in permanent garrisons along the Hungarian-Croatian frontier. Rudolf II started the war relatively unprepared, with only 42,000 professional troops under his control in 1593. In 1592, the fort of Bihać fell to the Ottomans following the siege of Bihać (1592). Skirmishes along the Habsburg–Ottoman border intensified from 1591. Mantua initially sent three companies of cavalry, followed by other detachments in 1594, 1597, and 1601.
For example, Tuscany sent an initial detachment of 3,600 troops in 1593, reinforced later by smaller detachments (2,000 Tuscans were in Hungary by 1601), including many experts in fortifications and artillery (Giovanni de'Medici was named Imperial general of artillery in Hungary). Some Imperial states sent troops in lieu of funding. In total the Habsburg monarchy raised 40 million florins for the war effort from its own estates, the Reichstag and Kreis assembly 20 million, Imperial Italy 0.5 million, Spain 3.75 million, and the Papal States 2.85 million. The princes of Imperial Italy made minor contributions larger ones came from the other states of Italy, the Papacy and the Spanish Empire. The Reichstag convened in 1594 and voted a substantial tax grant, renewing this four years later and again in 1603. The Turkenkriege rallied larger than usual support behind the Holy Roman Emperor. Ferrara, Tuscany, Mantua, and the Papal State were also involved to a lesser extent. The major participants of the war were the Habsburg Monarchy, the Principality of Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia opposing the Ottoman Empire. Overall, the conflict consisted in a large number of costly battles and sieges, but with little gain for either side. The next of the major Ottoman–Habsburg wars was the Austro-Turkish War of 1663–1664. In the series of Ottoman wars in Europe it was the major test of force between the Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–73) and the Cretan War (1645–69). It was waged from 1593 to 1606 but in Europe it is sometimes called the Fifteen Years War, reckoning from the 1591–92 Turkish campaign that captured Bihać. The Long Turkish War or Thirteen Years' War was an indecisive land war between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire, primarily over the Principalities of Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia.
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